The Daughter Of Time By Joseph Essay - 884 Words

Josephine Tey’s The Daughter of Time is a historical novel that looks at the belief that Richard III, King of England, murdered his two nephews in order to maintain his power. This novel also supports the belief that the â€Å"truth comes out through time.† In the novel the main character, Grant, is concerned with what he believes is a unknown fact of whether or not the long ago King of England was guilty. Throughout his search for the answer Grant discovers many history books which all tend to view Richard in different ways. It is from these different views of the same man, that one can draw the conclusion that bias plays a major role in the validity and credibility of documents and personal accounts. So what is the role and in what ways†¦show more content†¦Personal accounts and documents are often overlooked or considered unbelievable because they cannot be considered valid due to the bias opinions of the writer. As historians many find this discouraging because they have no account of what really happened and only have what can be read from the writin gs of others. In the media bias plays a role in the validity of certain things. An example, just one out of the many, where bias plays a role in the credibility of certain events is the Pocahontas story. With out going into too much detail it is safe to say that the Disney version was very much altered from the real version. Pocahontas was a nickname for â€Å"the naughty one† the girls real name in this legend was Matoaka. [visit http://www.powhatan.org/pocc.html to see what is being referred to] If bias continues to effect how valid certain past documents are, the documents which help to base our future, than what do we as historians have to go on? When one takes The Daughter of Time and looks closely another name for daughter one may come up with is truth. The truth is what eventually evolves after time. â€Å"The truth comes out through time,† is a statement which this book The Daughter of Time demonstrated very well. It showed how Grant found evidence to support his belief that Richard the III was in fact innocent. It took many years for someone to realize this but that is the role of time in this case. Grant used information from books, which had beenShow MoreRelatedThe Characters Of Jacob And Odysseus913 Words   |  4 PagesJoseph Campbell, an American writer, once said, â€Å"A hero is someone who has given his or her life to something bigger than oneself.† Acts of heroism are witnessed each and every day, some insignificant, while others more memorable. Present all over the world, individuals are admired for their great bravery, courage, and noble qualities. The Odyssey and the Holy Bible, two distinguished works of literature, clearly elucidate one’s journey to heroic status. Joseph, son of Jacob, and Odysseus, wanaxRead MoreThe Eight Heroes in The Joy Luck Club by Amy Tan703 Words   |  3 PagesIn the novel The Joy Luck Club by Amy Tan, four Chinese mother-daughter pairs, each with her own unique story, have deep connections with each other. At the beginning of the novel they each seem like ordinary women, but as the novel progresses, it becomes clear that these women are more than just mothers, daughters, or wives; they can also be considered heroes according to Joseph Campbell. Joseph Campbell says a hero is someone who undergoes a departure, where the person is confronted with a problemRead More The Book of Genesis Essay1332 Words   |  6 Pagesheavens, separated light from dark, and gave earth life. God also created two trees in the Garden of Eden. One was the â€Å"tree of life† and the other was the â€Å"tree of the knowledge of good and evil.† Adam was given life for the first time, and as a special gift, God created Eve. Moreover, God gave mankind freewill, allowing them to do whatever they pleased, so although God had forbidden Adam and Eve to touch the tree of knowledge of good and evil, He knew that it was theirRead MoreThe Essentials Of The Music By Amanda Joseph And Leave The Light On Written By Alicia Rogowski1362 Words   |  6 Pages Feel the love and happiness in life? If not maybe these articles will help: The Essentials to Happiness written by Alexxandra Shuman, Dancing to the music written by Amanda Joseph and Leave the Light on written by Marianne Rogowski. The theme of these articles is Love. These authors use the rhetorical appeals of ethos, pathos and logos to really persuade ways of living happy. The articles focus on many different ways one can find happiness from within and out all trying to pursued how to live happyRead MoreJacob : The Third Patriarch Of The Israelites1134 Words   |  5 Pagesthat the twins would continue to fight for the rest of their lives and the older would serve the younger. †¢ Jacob had 12 sons who would later become the 12 tribes of Israel and one daughter. †¢ The sons names were: Reuben, Simeon, Levi, Judah, Dan, Naphtali, Gad, Asher, Issachar, Zepulun, Joseph and Benjamin. Daughter=Dinah †¢ He had 2 wives, Leah and Rachel, and his handmaidens Bilhah and Zilpah also bore him sons. †¢ Before Benjamin’s birth, Jacob is renamed Israel. He fights with an unknown beingRead MoreA Narrative Of The Captivity And Restoration Of Mary Rowlandson Essay1342 Words   |  6 PagesRowlandson, it describes the eleven weeks, approximately around eighty two days, were Rowlandson was held captive. Rowlandson demonstrates how strong her faith is throughout the entire time she was gone away from her family, losing her daughter Sarah and the problems she and the other captives had to face during that amount of time. She keeps her faith through the Lord and he delivers her prays in the end, because she stayed faithful to him. Mary Rowlandson was born in the south of England in 1637 and passedRead MoreWomen Empowerment in the Old Testament Essay1103 Words   |  5 Pagesperhaps these women are only attempting to exercise their power. Surely, their power is not found in their physical strength, but this power stems from a deeper source, their very essence as sexual beings. Women in the Old Testament such as Eve, Lot’s daughters, Potiphar’s wife, and Delilah are thought of throughout history as â€Å"scandalous† women. But perhaps through their sexuality, they awaken in themselves, as well as all women, an innate, yet powerful ability to exert control over the men whom they feelRead MoreThe Story Of Joseph I1413 Words   |  6 PagesJoseph I. Laro was born on October 18, 1893 in the small town of Shedlische, Poland. In his book, Joseph Laro described his small town in great detail. The town was located in central Poland and only had six streets. The market day of the town was Wednesday , and livestock, crops, and goods were sold. Shedlische had no industry, factories, rich people, or politicians. The town, in general, was not extremely lively. However, there were two churches, one Russian Orthodox and one Roman Catholic, twoRead MoreBandit Character Analysis1020 Words   |  5 PagesJoseph from the story â€Å"Bandit† is a lot like the character Frank from the T.V. show â€Å"Shameless† in many ways. They were both fathers but, they were not always good fathers. 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Living With Congestive Heart Failure - 901 Words

Living With Congestive Heart Failure Nutrition and Lifestyle Recommendations Learning Objectives ïÆ' ¼ Understanding congestive heart failure, the symptoms and risk factors ïÆ' ¼ Food and nutrition recommendations for the patients ïÆ' ¼ Changing or improving lifestyle ïÆ' ¼ Getting the right support ïÆ' ¼ Live with Congestive Heart Failure ïÆ' ¼ Questions and answers session ïÆ' ¼ Fun uiz What is Heart Failure? ïÆ'Ëœ Is the condition where the heart is not pumping the right amount of blood to the rest of the body as it should be ïÆ'Ëœ The body cannot function normally ïÆ'Ëœ The heart becomes weakened ïÆ'Ëœ Tiredness, shortness of breath, coughing and water retention What is Congestive Heart Failure? Fluids collects around the heart and other body’s tissues Often accumulates in legs, arms and even lungs Facts about Heart Failure ïÆ'Ëœ Affects more than 5 millions Americans ïÆ'Ëœ 10 every 1,000 population after age 65 ïÆ'Ëœ The highest rate of developing HF is among black population ïÆ'Ëœ Increased number of patients caused by the increase of obesity and aging population. ïÆ'Ëœ The death rate is higher in white men than white women. (Mahan, et al., pg. 770) More of The Symptoms Changes to Your Body ï‚ § Swelling (Edema) ï‚ § Fast heart beat ï‚ § Increase the urge to urinate ï‚ § Headache ï‚ § Memory loss ï‚ § Not able to think clearly ï‚ § No ability to exercise Changes to Your Nutrition ï‚ § Loss of appetite ï‚ § Nausea (vomit feeling) ï‚ § Difficulty to defecate (constipation) ï‚ § Body cannot absorb nutrients ï‚ § Unintentional weight loss ï‚ § Not enough minerals inShow MoreRelatedBeing Black And Living With A Heart With Problems1460 Words   |  6 PagesDecember 2013 Being Black and Living with a Heart with Problems According to the National Institution of Health News, as many as 1 in 100 black men and women develop heart failure before the age of 50, 20 times the rate in whites in this age group, heart failure developed in black participants at an average age of 39, often preceded by risk factors such as high blood pressure, obesity, and chronic kidney 10 to 20 years earlier. 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Capital Budgeting Free Essays

Capital Budget Recommendation Anne Adams University of Phoenix Managerial Accounting and Legal Aspects of Business AC543 Sean DAmico August 20, 2012 Abstract This paper will give a comparison between the various preferred capital budgeting evaluation techniques in the corporate business setting. There will be a recommendation given for the Guillermo Furniture Company based on the results of one or more evaluation techniques, which in turn will help direct the financial health of the organization. Corporations are continually striving to improve the financial health of its organization and one strategic way many corporations are doing that is through capital budgeting. We will write a custom essay sample on Capital Budgeting or any similar topic only for you Order Now Capital budgeting involves choices. The choices revolve around projects that will add value to the organization. The projects can include acquiring land, purchasing a truck, or replacing old equipment. Many times, corporations are encouraged to undertake projects that will increase its profitability. The challenge is to find the appropriate evaluation method to bring the intended profitability into reality. The three preferred evaluation methods that many corporations use are net present value, internal rate of return, and payback period. Many corporations often calculate capital budgeting solutions using all three methods. However, each method often produces contradictory results. The net present value method is the most accurate valuation approach to capital budgeting issues (smallbusiness). If a corporation can discount the after tax cash flow by the weighted average cost of capital, managers can determine if the project will be profitable or not. The net present value method reveals exactly how profitable a project will be to the corporation versus the alternative methods (Chen, 2012). With the various evaluation methods, corporations can base the decisions for the future on the results of the evaluation. The net present value method takes the time value of money by discounting an investment’s future return to a present value (Chen, 2012). The thought behind the time value of money concept is that a dollar in hand today is worth more than the same dollar in the future. In capital budgeting decisions, the net present value discount is taken into consideration when the present value of the future return is compared with the present value of the cash outflows on any investment (Mason, 2011). If a corporation, such as Guillermo Furniture, is considering using the net present value method, the return on the investment would show clearly whether it is more than sufficient to increase the financial health of the corporation or not. Another preferred evaluation method is the internal rate of return. The internal rate of return is a discount rate that results from a net present value equal to zero (Mason, 2011). When the internal rate of return is higher than the weighted average cost of capital, it would be considered a profitable endeavor and thus should be pursued (Steven, 2010). A major advantage of the internal rate of return method is that it provides a benchmark for every project (Steven, 2010). This can allow a corporation to compare projects on the basis of the return on invested capital. For example, if Guillermo Furniture’s internal rate of return results higher than the cost of capital, it would be determined that the project is acceptable, and the corporation should move forward on the project. However, if the results are less than the cost of capital, the corporation should abort the project as it would hurt the financial health of the corporation. The final preferred evaluation method used by corporations is the payback period method. The payback period method reveals the amount of time it would take to recover the initial investment on a particular project (smallbusiness). Even though this method is considered preferred, it can result in disappointment for many corporations who value the results (Steven, 2010). The main reason is the results do not factor in the cash flow in its entirety from a certain project, which can skew the overall result of the return on the potential investment (Steven, 2010). When a corporation analyzes this method, it is determined that it results in a break even measure and only measures the economic life of the particular investment revolving around the payback period (Steven, 2010). This method is used mainly as a comparative measure for the net present value and the internal rate of return giving a time frame of recovering the initial investment. After considering the three preferred evaluation methods, it was determined that the net present value method would be the method of choice for the Guillermo Furniture scenario for a couple of reasons. First, the corporation cannot rely solely on the payback method because it does not take into account the entire cash flow for the project. After calculating how much time it would take to recover the initial investment, it was found that it would take more than 50 years, which is unrealistic for capital budgeting purposes. The focus shifted to the second preferred method of internal rate of return. The internal rate of return proved that the return on the investment would only yield 10%. The calculation was based on taking the total investment of $1,354,141. 21 and dividing it on the number of years the profit was expected to continue, which totaled $133,742. 20. The expected rate of return for the project had to be at least 12% for the project to be acceptable. Based on the net present value calculations and taking the required rate of return of 12%, the number of years the profit is expected to continue, which is 5, and the future annual cash flows amount of $26,748. 4, the present value of future cash flows equaled $96,422. 14. The net present value is measured by taking the investment outflow ($96,422. 14) minus the present value of future cash flows ($1,354,141. 21), which equals $1,257,719. 07. By dividing this amount by the investment outflow, the rate of return on investment yields 13%. Therefore, it would be recommended that Guillermo Furniture use the net present valu e method for this project as it would improve the financial health of the corporation. References Chen, J. 2012). ADDING FLEXIBILITY FOR NPV METHOD IN CAPITAL BUDGETING. Global Conference on Business ; Finance Proceedings, 7(2), 49-56. Retrieved from EBSCO host Mason Jr, J. O. (2011). A Couple of Capital Budgeting Techniques using Microsoft Excel. Advances in Management, 4(4), 23-27. Retrieved from EBSCO host Steven, G. (2010). PERFORMANCE OPERATIONS. Financial Management (14719185), 38-42. Techniques in Capital Budgeting Decisions Retrievedwww. smallbusiness. chron. com/techniques-capital-budgeting-decisions-23638. html How to cite Capital Budgeting, Essay examples Capital Budgeting Free Essays Question a What is capital budgeting? Are there any similarities between a firm’s capital budgeting decisions and an individual’s investment decisions? Capital budgeting is the process of analyzing potential additions to fixed assets. Capital budgeting is very important to firm’s future because of the fixed asset investment decisions chart a company’s course for the future. The firm’s capital budgeting process is very much same as those of individual’s investment decisions. We will write a custom essay sample on Capital Budgeting or any similar topic only for you Order Now There are some steps involved. First, estimate the cash flows such as interest and maturity value or dividends in the case of bonds and stocks, operating cash flows in the case of capital projects. Second is to assess the riskiness of the cash flows. Next, determine the appropriate discount rate, based on the riskiness of the cash flows and the general level of interest rates. This is called project’s required rate of return or cost of capital in capital budgeting. Then, find the PV of expected cash flows and the asset’s rate of return. If the PV of the inflows is greater than PV of outflows (NPV is positive), or if the calculated rate of return (IRR) is higher than the project cost of capital, accept the project. Question b What is the difference between independent and mutually exclusive projects? Between normal and non-normal projects? Independent projects mean a company can select one or both of the projects as long as they meet minimum profitability. This is because the projects do not compete with the firm’s resources. Projects are independent if the cash flows of one are not affected by the acceptance of the other. Read also: â€Å"Support Positive Risk Taking For Individuals† Mutually exclusive projects mean if acceptance of one impacts adversely the cash flows of the other which is firm can select one or another project but not both. This is because projects investments that compete in some way for a company’s resources. When projects are mutually exclusive it means that they do the same job. Normal projects have outflows, or costs, in the first year (or years) followed by a series of inflows. Non-normal projects have one or more outflows after the inflow stream has begun. Inflow (+) Or Outflow (-) In Year 0 1 2 3 4 5 Normal – + + + + + – – + + + + – – – + + + Non-normal – + + + + – – + + – + – + + + – – – Question c 1) Define the term net present value (NPV). What is each project’s NPV? Net present value (NPV) is found by subtracting the present value of the after-tax outflows from the present value of the after-tax inflows. By using financial calculator, the NPV for project L is RM 18,782. 87 while the NPV for project S is RM 19,984. 97. ) What is the rationale behind the NPV method? According to NPV, which project or projects should be accepted if they are independent? Mutually exclusive? The rationales behind the NPV method are; if the NPV is more than zero, the project will be accepted, but the project would be rejected if the NPV is less than zero. The NPV that equal to zero means it is technically indifference whether we accept or not the project, will not gain any benefit or loss. Accor ding to NPV, both projects can be accepted if they are independent because the NPV for both project have positive value of more than zero. But, if they are mutually exclusive, only one project that should be accepted that is project S. This is because the NPV for project S is more higher compared to the NPV for project L. 3) Would the NPVs change if the WACC changed? Yes, the value of NPV would be change if the WACC changed. If the WACC changed to more than 10%, for example 11%, the new NPV would be RM 16,201. 67 for project L and RM 18,268. 01 for project S. If the WACC is 9% which is low than 10%, the new NPV calculated is RM21, 449. 79 for project L and RM 21,747. 85 for project S. So, we can conclude that the lower the WACC, the higher the value of NPV. Question d 1) Define the term internal rate of return (IRR). What is each project’s IRR? Internal rate of return (IRR) is the discount rate that will equate the present value of the outflows with the present value of the inflows. The IRR is the intrinsic rate of return. By using financial calculator, the IRR for project L is 18. 13% while the IRR for project S is 23. 56%. 2) How is the IRR on a project related to the YTM on a bond? A project’s IRR is the discount rate that forces the PV of the inflows to equal the cost. This is equivalent to forcing the NPV to equal zero. The IRR is the estimate of the project’s rate of return, and it is comparable to the YTM on a bond. 3) What is the logic behind IRR method? According to IRR, which project should be accepted if they are independent? Mutually exclusive? The logic behind IRR method is; if the IRR is more than WACC, the project will be accepted, but the project would be rejected if the NPV is less than WACC. IRR that equal to WACC means it is technically indifference whether we accept or not the project, will not gain any benefit or loss. According to IRR, both projects can be accepted if they are independent because the IRR for both project have percentage more than the percentage of WACC. But, if they are mutually exclusive, only one project that should be accepted that is project S. This is because the IRR for project S is 23. 56% and it is higher compared to the IRR for project L which only 18. 13%. 4) Would the projects’ IRR change if the WACC changed? No, the IRR would not change if the WACC changed. Question e 1) What is the underlying cause of ranking conflicts between NPV and IRR? In the normal project for the NPV profiles to cross one project must have both a higher vertical axis intercept and a steeper slope than the other. A project’s vertical axis typically depends on the size of the project and the size and timing pattern of the cash flows. For example, for the large projects and with large distant cash flows would expect to have relatively high vertical axis intercepts. The slope of the NPV profile depends entirely on the timing pattern of the cash flows. The long-term projects have steeper NPV profiles compared with short-term projects. So, NPV can only cross in two situations which is when mutually exclusive projects differ in scale or size and when the projects’ cash flows differ in terms of the timing pattern of their cash flows (Project L and S). 2) What is the â€Å"reinvestment rate assumption†, and how does it affect the NPV versus IRR conflict? The underlying cause of ranking conflict is the reinvestment rate assumption. All DCF methods assume that cash flows can be reinvested at some rate. This applies to Project L and S. When we calculated their NPV, we discounted at WACC, 10% which means that we assuming that their cash flows could be reinvested at 10%. IRR assumes that cash flows are reinvested at the IRR. Discounting is the reverse of compounding. Compounding assumes reinvestment and also for the discounting. NPV and IRR are both found by discounting, so they both assume some discount rate. NPV calculation is the assumption that cash flows can be reinvested at the project’s cost of capital while the IRR calculation assumes reinvestment at the IRR rate. 3) Which method is the best? Why? The NPV tells us how much a project contributes to shareholder wealth. The larger the NPV, the more value the project adds, and added value means a higher stock price. Thus NPV is the best selection criteria. A project IRR is the discount rate that forces the PV of the inflows to equal the cost. This is equivalent to forcing the NPV to equal zero. However, NPV or IRR give better ranking is depends on which has the better reinvestment rate assumption. NPV is selected because it used as a substitutes for outside capital hence save the firm cost of outside capital. For most firms, assuming reinvestment at the WACC is more reasonable for the following reasons. If a firm has reasonably good access to the capital markets, it can raise all the capital it needs at the going rate, which in our example is 10%. Since the firm can obtain capital at 10%, if it have investment opportunities with positive NPV, it should take them on and it can finance them at a 10% cost. If a firm uses internally generated cash flows from past periods rather than external capital, this will save it the 10% cost of capital. Thus, 10% is the opportunity cost of the cash flows, and that is the effective return on reinvested funds. However, NPV and IRR usually give the same results to accept or reject the project for independent project. NPV and IRR occurs conflict only when mutually exclusive projects are involved. Question f 1) What is the difference between the regular and discounted payback methods? Payback period is defined as the number of years required to recover the funds invested in a project from its operating cash flows. Discounted payback is the length of time required for an investment’s cash flows, discounted at the investment’s cost of capital to cover its cost. Actually, discounted payback is similar to regular payback except that discounted rather than the raw cash flows are used. 2) What are the two main disadvantages of discounted payback? Is the payback method of any real usefulness in capital budgeting decisions? Discounted payback does consider the time value of money, but it still disregard cash flows beyond the payback period, which is a serious flaw. For example, if mutually exclusive projects vary in size, both payback method can conflict with the NPV, which might lead to a poor choice. However, many firms still use the payback to do the capital budgeting decisions. Payback and discounted payback used as a measure of project’s liquidity and risk. The shorter the payback, other things held constant, the greatest the project’s liquidity. This factor is important for smaller firms that do not have really access to the capital markets. Cash flows expected in the distant future are generally riskier than near-term cash flows, so the payback is used as one risk indicators. How to cite Capital Budgeting, Essay examples Capital Budgeting Free Essays FIN3101 Corporate Finance Practice Questions Topic: Capital Budgeting 1. Marsh Motors has to choose one of two new machines. Machine 1 costs $180,000, has a 3 year life and EBIT of $108,750 per year. We will write a custom essay sample on Capital Budgeting or any similar topic only for you Order Now Machine 2 costs $360,000, has a life of 6 years and EBIT of $122,875 per year. Assume straight line depreciation over the life of the machine. Marsh is a levered firm with a debt equity ratio of 0. 40. The beta of equity is 1. 125 while the beta of debt is 0. 25. The market risk premium is 8 percent and the risk free rate is 5%. The corporate tax rate is 20%. a. b. c. 2. What is the firm’s cost of equity capital? What is the firm’s weighted average cost of capital? Which machine should Marsh purchase? Advanced Technology is considering investing $38m to develop a gold mining site. The average equity beta of similar firms in the industry is 0. 88. The market risk premium is 7% and the nominal risk free rate is 4%. Inflation is expected to be 2%. a. b. Suppose there is a 20% chance of a low output of $2m and an 80% chance of a high output of $6m in the first year. If the output is low in the first year, there is a 70% chance that output will stay at $2m and a 30% chance that output will stay at $4m per year for the rest of the project’s life. However if the output is high in the first year, there is a 80% chance that it will stay at $6m and a 20% chance that it will stay at $3m per year for the rest of the project’s life of 10 years. These are real cash flows. Should the company go ahead with the project? c. 3. The site is expected to yield $6m in gold a year for 10 years. These are real cash flows. Suppose there is a 20% chance of no gold from the site and an empty site means zero cash flow and a complete loss of the $38m investment. What is the NPV of the project? Would your conclusion in (b) be different if the company can abandon the mine for $36m in the event of low yield in the first year? Compute the value of the option to abandon. â€Å"Aviation Biofuel† is considering setting up shop in Singapore. Their plan can be divided into 2 stages. Stage 1: The project requires a test marketing expense of $20m. This test market is expected to last 1 year and there is a 60% chance of success. FIN3101 Page1 Stage 2: If the test market is a success, the firm intends to invest $100m in a plant. The after-tax cash flows will be $66m per year from year 2 to year 5. If the test market is a failure and the firm goes ahead with the investment, the NPV will be -$20m. Assume a cost of capital of 17%. a. Draw the decision tree for this project. b. Estimate the NPV of Aviation Biofuel’s plan. 4. You are asked to evaluate the following wooden cabinet manufacturing project for a corporation. Develop a table showing the annual cash flows and calculate the NPV of this project at an 8% discount rate. All figures are given in nominal terms. 20X6 Physical Production (cabinets) Labor Input (hours) Wood (physical units) 20X7 20X8 3,150 3,750 3,800 26,000 30,000 31,000 550 630 650 The required investment on 12/31/20X5 is $800,000. The firm faces a 34% income tax rate, and uses straight-line depreciation. The salvage value of the investment which will be received on 12/31/X8 will be one fifth of the initial investment. The price of cabinets on 12/31/X5 will be $250 each and will remain constant in the foreseeable future. Labor costs will be $15 per hour on 12/31/X5 and will increase at 5% per year. The cost for the wood will be $200 per physical unit on 12/31/X5 and will increase at 2% per year. Revenue is received and costs are paid at year’s end (i. e. use year-end prices in calculating revenues and costs so, for example, use the 12/31/X6 prices for calculating 20X6 revenues and costs). The firm has profitable ongoing operations so that any losses for tax purposes from the project can be offset against these. . Consider a project to supply Honda with 38,000 tons of machine screws annually for automobile production. You will need an initial $1,596,000 investment in threading equipment to get the project started; the project will last for 6 years. The accounting department estimates that annual fixed costs will be $456,000 and that variable costs should be $220 per ton; accounting will depre ciate the initial fixed asset investment straight-line to zero over the 6-year project life. It also estimates a salvage value of $506,000 after dismantling costs. The marketing department estimates that the automakers will let the contract at a selling price of $262 per ton. The engineering department estimates you will need an initial net working capital investment of $547,000. You require a 13 percent return and face a marginal tax rate of 35 percent on this project. FIN3101 Page2 a. What is the estimated OCF and NPV for this project? b. Suppose you believe that the accounting department’s initial cost and alvage value projections are accurate only to within  ±14 percent; the marketing department’s price estimate is accurate only to within  ±9 percent; and the engineering department’s net working capital estimate is accurate only to within  ±4 percent. What is your worst-case and best-case scenario for this project? c. Suppose that you are confident about your own projections, but you are not sure about the Honda’s actual machine screw re quirements. What is the sensitivity of the project OCF to changes in the quantity supplied? What about the sensitivity of NPV to changes in quantity supplied? Given the sensitivity you calculated, is there some minimum level of the output below which you would not want to operate? Why? 6. The Cornchopper Company is considering the purchase of a new harvester. The break-even purchase price is the price at which the project’s NPV is zero. The new harvester is not expected to affect revenues, but pretax operating expenses will be reduced by $13,300 per year for 10 years. The old harvester is now 5 years old, with 10 years of its scheduled life remaining. It was originally purchased for $48,300 and has been depreciated by the straight-line method. The old harvester can be sold for $16,800 today. The new harvester will be depreciated by the straight-line method over its 10-year life. The corporate tax rate is 32 percent. The firm’s required rate of return is 13 percent. The initial investment, the proceeds from selling the old harvester, and any resulting tax effects occur immediately. All other cash flows occur at year-end. The market value of each harvester at the end of its economic life is zero. Determine the break-even purchase price in terms of present value of the harvester. FIN3101 Page3 How to cite Capital Budgeting, Essay examples Capital Budgeting Free Essays Capital Budgeting Process HSM 340 – Health Services Finances November 28, 2012 Organizations that decide to issue bonds generally go through a series of steps. Discuss the six steps. The six steps are: the borrower who is the health care evaluates the capacity of its debts, brings to date its capital plan, and tries to get its house in together, the borrower who is the health care chooses the main parties whom will take part in the bond issuance, the borrower who is the health care, is checked by a credit rating agency, the credit rating agency rates the bond, the borrower who is the health care, starts a loan agreement with the governmental authority, whoever issues the bonds and, the bonds are sold at the public offering price by the underwriters to bondholders, the trustees give the health care provider with the net proceeds. We will write a custom essay sample on Capital Budgeting or any similar topic only for you Order Now (Zelman, McCue, Glick, 2009) An alternative to traditional equity and debt financing is leasing. Leasing is undertaken primarily for what purposes? Leasing is undertaken for four reasons: they wish to avert the bureaucratic delays of capital budget requests, to get better maintenance service, to avert technological obsolescence, and so it can have convenience. (Zelman, McCue, Glick, 2009) Discuss the two major types of leases. The two major types of leases are operating and capital. With an operating lease, one would use this type if you wish to lease service equipment for periods shorter than the equipments economic life. These can be anywhere from a few days to a year. When one uses a capital lease, which can also be called a financial lease, they wish to lease it for all their economic life. This means the lessee must be committed to lease payments for the entire lease period. (Zelman, McCue, Glick, 2009) Discuss the terms short-term borrowing and long-term financing. When someone has to borrow, they should follow a rule of thumb and that is if you have short-term needs borrow short-term, if you have long-term needs borrow long-term. A debt with short-term financing must be paid be back quickly or debt that may not have to paid back for a year and refers to a wide range of financing. When one borrow for long-term financing it usually is a period longer than a year their debt must be paid off. Term loans and bonds are the two major types of long-term financing with bonds being the main source of long-term financing for health care entities that are tax-exempt. (Zelman, McCue, Glick, 2009) What are the primary sources of equity financing for not-for-profit healthcare organizations? Internally generated funds, philanthropy, and government grants are the primary sources of equity. Zelman, McCue, Glick, 2009) The capital budgeting process occurs in several stages, but generally includes what? In chapter 13 of The Financial Management of Hospitals and Healthcare Organizations , there are generally five steps that are done in the capital budgeting process and they are: identify and prioritize requests, project cash fl ows, perform financial analysis, identify non-financial benefits and, evaluate benefits and make decisions. (Capital Budgeting, 2007) Discuss and list the three discounted cash flow methods. As stated in our text, the most popular used firm valuations in healthcare is the DCF (Discounted Cash Flow) method. When using this approach there are three methods used and they are: for the next five years cash flows are estimated, after the cash flows are estimated they are then discounted to show the current value of the firm and, at the end of the fifth year, the value of the acquired firm will be estimated, or annual cash flows will no longer be estimated. (Cleverley, Song, Cleverley, 2011) Reference Cleverly PhD, William O. , Song PhD, Paula H. , Cleverly MHA, James O. Essentials of Heath Care Finance (7th Ed. ). Sudbury, Ma. Jones Bartlett Learning. Nowicki, Michael (15, July 2007). The Financial Management of Hospital Healthcare Organizations. Capital Management. Retrieved November 28, 2012 from http://www. dzcowan. com/Tech%20Attachments/HS%206200/Chapter_13_Nowicki. doc Zelman N. William. , McCue J. Michael. , Glick D. Noah. Financial Management of Healthcare Organizations: An Introduction to Fundamental Tools, Concepts, and Applications. (3rd Ed. ) San Francisco CA. Jossey-Bass. How to cite Capital Budgeting, Essay examples Capital Budgeting Free Essays Capital budgeting is used to plan for the acquisitions of other companies, for the development of new product lines of business, for the expansion of the existing production plants or for the replacement worn-out equipment, and in planning decisions on whether or not to enter a new arrest line, whether to buy or rent production facilities, and any other investment project resulting in costs and revenues that are spread over a number of years. Capital budgeting is the method used to assess a major investment or to see whether one option is better than another. There are several capital budgeting methods, each with advantages and disadvantages. We will write a custom essay sample on Capital Budgeting or any similar topic only for you Order Now In this article, we discuss the basic principle and the advantages and disadvantages of using the net present value technique and the internal rate of return technique. Net present value (NAP) method When using the net present value method of capital budgeting, one of most important factors is the estimation of net cash flows from an investment. The net cash flow is the difference between cash outflows and cash inflows over the life of the investment. First, cash flows should be calculated on an incremental basis, and include changes in operating cash flows and changes in investment cash flows. Second, cash flows must be measured on an after-tax basis. Third, non-cash expenses are also considered; for example, depreciation is an expense item but not a cash flow. Example 1 NP Ltd is considering an initial investment of $100,000 in order to open a new production line for a new product. The expected life of the production line is four years. Sales are estimated to be $100,000 during the first year and to increase by 10% per year until the fourth year. The variable costs of the producing the product are 50% of sales and the additional fixed costs are $1 5,000 per year. The simplified straight-line depreciation method is used to calculate depreciation. NP Ltd requires an after-tax return of 40% and also expects to recover $10,000 of its working capital at he end of the fourth year. The following gives the detailed information on the new product line: New product Initial investment $100,000 Salvage value $10,000 Expected life 4 years Annual operating costs Variable costs in the first year $50,000 Fixed costs $15,000 Sales during the first year The estimated cash flow from this investment are summarized as follows: Estimated cash flow Year 1 o,oho 50,000 1 5,000 25,000 10,oho 4,000 6,000 Net cash flow Add: 3 121,000 60,500 20,500 8,200 12,300 4 133,100 66,550 26,550 10,620 1 5,930 31,000 Sales Less: Variable costs Depreciation Profit before tax Less: Income tax Profit after tax Add: Depreciation 2 110,000 55,000 9,000 34,000 37,300 40,930 Recovery of working capital Net cash flow in year 4 60,930 We need to assign a discount rate to evaluate each of the competing alternatives for a firm’s capital to decide whether or not a firm should undertake an investment. The discount rate is estimated using the cost of capital of the investment to the firm. Net present value capital budgeting gives us the present value of the expected net cash flows from the investment, discounted at the firm’s cost of capital, minus the investment of capital needed today. For example, if NP Ltd expects a cost of capital of 12%, the net present value of the investment can be seen above, and the initial investment is $100,000, then the net present value of the new production line is: NAP = $120,054. 68 – $100,000 = $20,054. 68 This investment can add $20,054. 68 to the value of NP Ltd, so NP Ltd should undertake this investment. We can use the net present value method to compare investments. The project with the highest net present value is the better alternative. A disadvantage of the net present value technique is that the decision depends on the cost of capital: it is not easy to calculate this. The internal rate of return ORR) technique The internal rate of return technique is an alternative to the net present value technique. The internal rate of return on an investment is the discount rate at which the net present value of the investment is zero. The investment should be undertaken only if the internal rate of return on the investment exceeds the cost of capital to the firm. An advantage using the internal rate of return technique for capital budgeting is that he rate of return can be easily calculated and understood, especially by decision makers who may not have a financial background. Example 2 Using the information in example 1, we can calculate the internal rate of return to be 22. 05%. Since this exceeds the cost of capital, 12%, NP Ltd should undertake the investment. Example 3 Suppose we have two mutually exclusive investments: investment A and investment B, which are independent investments. The internal rate of return and cost of capital are calculated for each below. If the cost of capital is 12%, then both investment A ND B are acceptable because they both give a return greater than the cost of capital. In the other words, the cost of capital is the minimum acceptable rate of return. Internal rate of return of two mutually exclusive investments Investment A 20. 30% Cost of capital , per year Internal rate of return, per year Investment B 22. 10% Example 4 If we are forced to choose only one investment from example 3, we would choose investment B because this has a higher internal rate of return than investment A. However it is not enough to use only the internal rate of return technique to determine which is the best investment out of two or more mutually exclusive investments. We should also use the net present value method. The net present value and internal rate of return for the two mutually exclusive investments are shown below. Table 3: Internal rate of return and net present value of two mutually exclusive investments $137,872 Net present value at 12% discount rate $126,168 Investment B has a higher internal rate of return than investment A, so we have seen that we should undertake investment B. How to cite Capital Budgeting, Papers

In The Late Seventies, Our Nation Became Shocked And Outraged By The R Essay Example For Students

In The Late Seventies, Our Nation Became Shocked And Outraged By The R Essay ape , multilation, and murder of a dozen young beautiful girls.The man who was mainly responsable for these murders, Ted Bundy, who was later apprehended and executed.During his detention in various penitentiaries,he was mentally probed and probbed by phycologist and phychoanalysts hoping to discover the root of violent actions and sexual frustrations.Many theories arose in attempts to explain the motivational factors behind his muderous escapades.However, the strongest and feasible of these theories came not from the phycologists, but from the man himself, As a teenager,my buddies and I would all sneak around and watch porn.As I grew older,I became more and more intrested and involved in it,(pornography) became an obsession.I got so involved in it, I wanted to incorporate (porn) into my life, but I couldnt behave like that and maintain the success I had worked so hard for.I generated an alter-ego to fullfill my fantasies under-cover.Pornography was a means of unlocking the evil I ha d burried inside of myself (Leidholdt 47).Is it possible that pornography is acting as the key to unlocking the evil in unstable minds?According to Edward Donnerstein,a leading researcher in the pornography feild,The relationship between sexually violent images in the media and subsequent aggression and callous attitudes towards women is much stronger statistically than the relationship beetween smoking and cancer(Itzin 22).After considering the increase in rape and molestation,sexual harasement,and other sex crimes over the last few decades,and also the corresponding increase of buisness in the pornography needs considerable study and examination.Once the evidence you will encounter in this paper is evaluated and quatified it will be hard not come away with the realization that habitual use of pornographic material promotes unrealistic and unattainable desires in men that leac to violent behavior toward women. In odrer to properly discuss pornography and be able to link it to violence,we must first come to a basic and aggreable understanding of what the word pornography means..The term pornography originates from two greek words,porne,which means harlot,and graphein,which means to write.(Websters 286).My belief is that the combination of the two words was originally meant to describe,in literature,the sexual escapades of women deemed to be whores.As times had passed,this definition of pornography has grown to include any and all obscene literature and pictures.At the present date date,the term is basically a blanket which covers all types of material such as explicit literature,phtography,films,and video tapes with varying degrees of sexual content. According to Catherine Itzin a leading reasecher in the pornography feild pornography can be devided into three categories: The sexually explicit and violent; the sexually explicit and nonviolent,but subordinating and dehumanizing;and the sexually explicit,nonviolent,and nonsubordinating that is based upon mutuality.The sexually explicit and violent is graphic,showing penetration and ejaculation.Also it shows the violent act towards a woman.The second example shows the graphic sexual act and climax,but not a violent act.This example shows the woman being dressed in a costume or being talked down to in order to reduce her to something to have sex with,a body opening or an orifice.Not only does erotica show the entire graphic sexual act ,it also depicits an attraction between two people.Her reaserch consistenly shows that harmful effects are associated with the first two,but that the third erotica,is harmless.(22)These three categories basically exist as tools of discerning content.Alt hough sometimes they overlap without a true disticntion,as in when the film is graphic in the sexual act and also in violence,but shows the act as being a muyual activity between the people participating. In my view,to further divide ponography,it is possible to break it down into simpler categories:soft and hard core pornography.Hard core pornography is a combination of the sexually explicit and violent and the sexually explicit and non violent,but subordinating and dehumanizing categories,previously dicussed.Soft core pornography is though to be harmless and falls into the category known as Erotica;which is the category based on mutuality.In Hard core pornography,commonly rated XXX,you can see graphic depictions of violent sexual acts usually with a man or a group of men,deriving sexual gratification from the degradation of a woman. You can also see women participating in demorlizing sexual behavior among themselves for the gratification of men.In a Triple-X movie all physical aspects are shown such as extreme close-ups of the genitalia,oral,vaginal and anal penetration,and also ejaculation.Much of the time emphasis is put on the painful and humiliating experience of the woman,for the sole satisfation of the male.Soft core pornography,or X-rated pornography is less explcit in terms of what is shown and the sexual act is usually put in the light of mutual enjoyment for both the male and female parties(Cameron and Frazer 23).Triple-X pornography is manufactured and sold legally in Canada in the United States.Deborah Cameron and Elizabeth Frazer point out that other forms of hard core pornography that have to bekept under wraps,made and sold illegally in underground black markets.These are ultraviolent tapes or videos show the actual torture,rape and sometimes mutilation of a woman. Snuff films go even future to de cict the actual death of a victim,and child pornography reveals the use of under-age or pre-pubescent children for the sexual purposes (17-18).These types of pornography cross over the boundaries of entertainment and are definitely Hard core. Now that pornography has been defined in a fashion mirroring its content,it is now possible to touch upon the more complex ways a community,as a society,views or defines it.Some have said it is impossible for a group of induviduals to form a concrete opinion as to what pornography means.A Supreme Court Judge is quoted as saying I cant define pornography,but I know it when I see it (Itzin 20).This statement can be heard at community meetings in every in every province,city across the nation.Community standards are hazy due to the fact that when asked what pornography is to them,most individuals cannot express or explain in words what porno is,therefore creating confusion among themselves. Communities are left somewhat helpless in this matter since the federal court of Canada passed a legislation to keep pornography available to adults.The courts assess that to ban or censor the material would be infringing on the publics Bill of Rights(Carol 28).Maureen OBrien quotes critics of a congressionally terminated bill, the Pornography Victims Compensation Act, as saying That if it had passed ,it would have had severely chilling effects on the Bill of Rights, allowing victims of sexual crimes to file lawsuits against producers and distributors of any work that was proven to have had caused the attack,such as graphic material in books,magazines,videos films, and records(7).People in a community debating over pornography often have different views as to whether or not it should even be made available period, and some could even argue this point against the types of women used in pornography: A far greater variety of females types are shown as desirable in pornography than mains tream films and networks television have ever recognized:fat women,flat women,hairy women,aggressive women,older women,you name it(Carol 25).If we could all decide on just exactly what pornography is and what is acceptable,there wouldnt be so much debate over the issue of censoring it. The bounds of the community standards have been streched by mainstreaming movies, opening the way even further for the legalization of more explcit fare (Jenish 53).In most comtemporary communities explcit sex that is without violent or dehumanizing acts is acceptable in Canada society these days. These community standards have not been around very long.When movies were first brought out, they were heavily restricted and not protected by the Bill of Rights, because films then were looked upon as only as diversionary entertainement and buisness.Even though sexual images were highly monitored, the movie industry was hit so hard during the Great Depression that film-makers found themselves sneaking in as much sexual content as possible, were then they saw that sex-sells (Clark 1029).Films were highly restricted throughout the 30s, 40s and 50s by the once independent films of the 60s such as: Bonnie and Clyde and Whose afraid of Virginia Woolfe?(Clark 1029-30),both with explicit language, sexual innuendo,and violence back were torn down in barriers holding sex and violence back were torn in the name of profit.Adult content was put into movies the long ago,we have become more immune and cant expect itto get any better or to away.Porn is here for good. Pornography is a multi-million dollar international industry,ultimately run by organized crime all over the world, and is produced by respectable mainstream publishing business companies (Itzin 21).Although the publishing companies are though to be respectable people generally stereotype buyers and users of pornographic material as dirty old men in trenchcoats but most patrons of adult stores are well- educated people with disposable income (Jenish 52).Porno movies provide adults of both genders with activities they normally wouldnt get in everyday life, such as oral pleasures or different types of fetishes Story of My Llife EssayPornography has enamored itself as a large part of our modern society.It is seldom dicussed and often hidden as a dirty secret, but porn still seems to play a major part in the shaping of our morals and behaviors.Although some say pornography is relatively harmless, a considerable larger group seem to uphold the assumption the porn works in negative and disr uptive ways on those who view it and participate.Nearly all the reaserch supports this assumption, so it is evident the topic is in need of much more examination and debate.Even though the majority of modern society views pornography as objectionable and sometimes obscene, there are some that do not agree with the assumption that pornography is guilty of the defamation of women and their sexual roles.Social observationalists, Mary White, of the University of Michigan often agrees with her statement on the part women play in pornography which explains that since most pornographic material plays up to male fantasy, women are usually the aggressors, hence women are given a semblance of empowerment.Also, the majority of these women in the material are very attractive, therefore seen as the forms of beauty and desire, something to be respected and worked for. Although White may not realize it, this statement expressed on a television show called (Politicaly Incorect) reinforced most of t he arguments made in support of the notion that pornography is subordinating and degrating to women.By saying that being sexually aggressive gives a woman empowerment, she limits a womans ability to reach empowerment to sexual activity alone, and by claming that the use of attractive women in pornographic material lends to a view of women being desirable, she inadvertently excludes women that dont fit societys mold of the model physical female, (i.e. overweight,small breasted short etc).Most of the arguments similar to Whites follow the same ligne of reasoning, and are easily broken down in the same manners as hers. In regards to pornography perpetuating violent acts towards women, pornography defenders claim that the use of pornographic material can act as a cathartic release, actual lessensing the likelihood of males committing violent acts.The reasoning is that the pornography can substitute for sex and the want to commit sexual crimes is acted out vicariously through the pornographic material (Whicclair 327).This argument, however, does not explain the crimes commited by serial killers like Ted Bundy and John Wayne Gacey, who regularly viewed pornography during the lengths of their times between murders and rapes (Scully 70).By saying that pornography would reduce harm to women through cathartic effects, pornography defenders display a large lack in reasoning because through their argument the rise in the production of pornography would have led to a decrease in sexual crimes, but as has been shown previously, that simply is not true. Pornographers and pornography defenders proclaim that the link between pornography and violence is exaggerated and that the reaserch linking pornography to sexual crimes is inconclusive.They state that the fundamentals of sex crimes are found inherrently in the individuals and that the sexual permissiveness of Canadian society cannot be blamed on the increase of pornograhys availability (Jacobsen 79).David Adams, a co-fouder and executive director of Emerge, at a Boston cousleling center for male batterers, states, that only a minority of his clients (perhaps 10 to 20percent) use hard-core pornography.He estimates that half may have substance abuse problems, and adds that alcohol seems more directly involved in abuse than pornographic material.(Kaminer 115).The statement made by Adams and the view that pornography does not contribute to the act of sex crimes is heavily outweighed, however, by the various studies connecting violence and pornography Bill Marshalls observations on his p atients and the examples of individual crimes originating from pornography, shows this acclimation to be invalidated. Some are also say attacks on pornography merely reflect the majority of feminists disdain for men, cynically stating that people who fear pornography think of all men as potential abusers, whose violent impulses are bound to be sparked by pornography (114).Reasercher Catherin MacKinnon, says that pornography works as a behavioral conditioner, reinforcer, and stimulus, not as idea or advocacy(114).However, this idea is proven to be false by the use of pornography in and by the Serbian military.This example shows that pornography does advocate sex crimes and that ideas of sexual violence are able to be stemmed from the viewing of pornography. Pornography has become to most just an other one of those cold, nasty facts of life that cannot be stopped, so some choose to ignore it.This attitude has to change.After reviewing the abuse and subordination delegated to women as an almost indisputable result of the mass infiltration of pornography into modern society, it should be impossible for someone not to want to do something about it.What can be done is for those concerned to try to spread the word and educate others as much as possible to the dangers of this sort of material.If the people knew the roots of some of their more violent behavior, it could be deminished, to protecting the future and health of our communities. From its inception, in most cases, pornography is a media that links sexual gratifications and violence together.This fact can only lead a rational mind to the conclusion that a chain of events will begin, combining sex and violence further in the minds of those who watch pornography and will ensure an unhealthy attitude towards women and their sexual idetities.Only through discussion and individual action can the perpetuation of the negative impacts of pornography be swept from the closets and dark corners of the household. BibliographyDetailed OutlineIntroduction: Subject: PornographyThesis: What is Pornography ? Kinds of Pornography and Laws that support Pornography in Canada. Main Points:1.How did Pornography begin, People responsible for developpement, Defenition of Pornography. 2.The different kinds of Pornography (soft core, XXX),Laws that support Pornography, Hidden facts about Porno Movie making. 3.The effect of Pornography on Society, Pornography in todays societyMain point one: Serial killers like Ted Bundy,John Wayne Gacey used Porno as a source of ideas for some of their many slangs(Leidhlotd 47).The effects of Porno on them as adolescents what made these men turn to such violent and heartless acts towards a number of young beatiful women.The origin of the word Pornography according to Websters Dictionary Porne wich is from Greek origin means to harlot and graphein which means to write.The two words combined were originally meant to describe, in literature, the sexual escapades of women toth to be whores.(Websters Dictionary p.286)Main point two: There are many different types and kinds of Pornography two categories mainly known are Soft and Hard Core.Hard Core Porno is a combination of the sexually explicit and violent and the explicit and non violent.Soft Core Porno is though to be harmless and falls into the category known as Erotica:(Itzin 22) which is the category ba sed on mutuality.In Hard Core Porno, commonly rated XXX, you can see graphic depictions of violent sexual acts usually with a man or group of men, deriving sexual gratification from the degradation of a woman.There is also the Porno films that circulate in the underground Black (Cameron and Frazer p.23)markets these are Ultraviolent tapes or videos that show the actual torture,rape and sometimes mutilation of a woman. Snuff films go even furthure showing the actual death of a victim, and child pornography reveals the use of under-aged or pre-pubescent children for the sexual purpose.The Bill of Rights resposible of keeping Pono circulating as only available to adults.(Carol p.23)During the making of deep throat a Porno film, one main actress was tortured and forcedfed sex, if she refused or tryed to escape she would be whipped and beaten. Main point three: We do not have to do extensive research to find Porno in todays society,just take for instance the Bosnian war,Part of wich the Serbs call ethnic cleansing process the gang-raping and mutilation of young Muslim and Croatian woman.(Dworkin M2+M6)The Woman are forced to accept these condition.If not, they are emedeatly executed,some of which have new born children will accept these conditions and be executed afterwards.Porno is here for good and as one can not do absolutely nothing that is why we have to as society work as a team to abolish this form of entertainment from the Canadian household. Conclusion: Pornography links sexual gratification and viloence together.These ideas will only get worse as Society grows and will ensure an unhealthy attitude towards women and their sexual identities.Only the discussion and individual action can the perprtuation of the negative impacts of Porno be swept from the closets and dark corners of the Canadian household.

Attacks Used to Hack Email Accounts and Their Preventive Measures Essay Example

Attacks Used to Hack Email Accounts and Their Preventive Measures Essay The present-day network threat scenario is unprecedented in both scale and impact. CYBER CRIMINALS has become increasingly confident in their own abilities because of good organization skills and years of experience in evading law enforcement. Armed with sophisticated technical knowledge, a whole bunch of tools and operating systems with exploits, their sole objective today is to cause irreparable damage to the security and business interests of organizations. The biggest â€Å"brand name† between all terrorist groups across the world The Al-Qaeda†, Islamic militant group â€Å"Tehrik-I-Taliban Pakistan† and many more terrorist organizations perform cyber terrorism i. e. , disrupt attacks against information systems for the primary purpose of stealing confidential information regarding the nation’s security issues and secondary purpose is creating alarm and panic among the cyber army of the nation. This can include use of information technology to organize and execute attacks against networks, computer systems and telecommunications infrastructures, or for exchanging information or making threats electronically. Therefore there is a huge requirement for each and every one of us to know the minimum preventive measures so as to avoid the exploitation of a hacker as he may use our computer as a shield to hide his identity. Our paper discusses on the types on hackers and the main motto behind these people performing these attacks in an attempt to compromise any computer system. Our paper emphasizes on various methods by which passwords can be stolen and then used for personal purpose. A live performance on how an account can be hacked (say facebook) will be demonstrated by using the phishing attack. We will write a custom essay sample on Attacks Used to Hack Email Accounts and Their Preventive Measures specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Attacks Used to Hack Email Accounts and Their Preventive Measures specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Attacks Used to Hack Email Accounts and Their Preventive Measures specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer All the preventive measures that needs to be taken to overcomes these problems and stay safe from this cyber world attackers will be briefly explained so as to make everyone technically strong and preventing their computers getting exploited†¦ Let’s build a stronger nation†¦. JAI HIND†¦ Vamshi Krishna Gudipati A. K. A h4x0r le610n, 4th year b. tech, COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING, WARANGAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE. Information security  means protecting information and  information systems  from unauthorized access, use, disclosure, disruption, modification, perusal, inspection, recording or destruction. The terms information security,  computer security  and  information assurance  are frequently used interchangeably. These fields are interrelated often and share the common goals of protecting the  confidentiality,  integrity  and  availability  of information; however, there are some subtle differences between them. These differences lie primarily in the approach to the subject, the methodologies used, and the areas of concentration. Information security is concerned with the confidentiality, integrity and availability of  data  regardless of the form the data may take: electronic, print, or other forms. Computer security can focus on ensuring the availability and correct operation of a  computer system  without concern for the information stored or processed by the computer. Information assurance focuses on the reasons for assurance that information is protected, and is thus reasoning about information security. Governments,  military,  corporations ,  hospitals, and private  businesses  amass a great deal of confidential information about their employees, customers, products, research, and financial status. Most of this information is now collected, processed and stored on electronic  computers  and transmitted across  networks  to other computers. WHAT IS HACKING Unlike most computer crime / misuse areas which are clear cut in terms of actions and legalities (e. g. software piracy), computer hacking is more difficult to define. Computer hacking always involves some degree of infringement on the privacy of others or damage to computer-based property such as files, web pages or software. The impact of computer hacking varies from simply being simply invasive and annoying to illegal. There is an aura of mystery that surrounds hacking, and a prestige that accompanies being part of a relatively elite group of individuals who possess technological savvy and are willing to take the risks required to become a true hacker. An interesting alternative view of how hackers positively impact areas such as software development and hacker ideology is presented in  Technology and Pleasure: Considering Hacking Constructive. WHO IS A HACKER In the computer security context, a  hacker  is someone who seeks and exploits weaknesses in a computer or computer network. Hackers may be motivated by a multitude of reasons, such as profit, protest, or challenge. The subculture that has evolved around hackers is often referred to as the computer underground but it is now an open  community. While other uses of the word hacker exist that are not related to computer security, such as referring to someone with an advanced understanding of computers and computer networks,  they are rarely used in mainstream context. They are subject to the long standing  hacker definition controversy  about the true meaning of the term  hacker. KINDS OF HACKERS White Hat A  white hat hacker  breaks security for non-malicious reasons, perhaps to test their own security system or while working for a security company which makes security software. The term white hat in Internet slang refers to an  ethical hacker. This classification also includes individuals who perform  penetration tests  and  vulnerability assessments  within a contractual agreement. The EC-Council, also known as the International Council of Electronic Commerce Consultants, is one of those organizations that have developed certifications, courseware, classes, and online training overing the diverse arena of Ethical Hacking. Black Hat A black hat hacker is a hacker who violates computer security for little reason beyond maliciousness or for personal gain (Moore, 2005). Black hat hackers form the stereotypical, illegal hacking groups often portrayed in popular culture, and are the epitome of all that the public fears in a computer criminal†   Black hat hackers brea k into secure networks to destroy data or make the network unusable for those who are authorized to use the network. They choose their targets using a two-pronged process known as the pre-hacking stage. Part 1: Targeting The hacker determines what network to break into during this phase. The target may be of particular interest to the hacker, either politically or personally, or it may be picked at random. Next, they will  port  scan a network to determine if it is vulnerable to attacks, which is just testing all ports on a host machine for a response. Open ports—those that do respond—will allow a hacker to access the system. Part 2: Research and Information Gathering It is in this stage that the hacker will visit or contact the target in some way in hopes of finding out vital information that will help them access the system. The main way that hackers get desired results from this stage is from social engineering, which will be explained below. Aside from social engineering, hackers can also use a technique called dumpster diving. Dumpster diving is when a hacker will literally search through users garbage in hopes of finding documents that have been thrown away, which may contain information a hacker can use directly or indirectly, to help them gain access to a network. Part 3: Finishing The Attack This is the stage when the hacker will invade the preliminary target that he/she was planning to attack or steal. Many hackers will be caught after this point, lured in or grabbed by any data also known as a  honeypot  (a trap set up by computer security personnel). Grey Hat A grey hat hacker is a combination of a Black Hat and a White Hat Hacker. A Grey Hat Hacker may surf the internet and hack into a computer system for the sole purpose of notifying the administrator that their system has been hacked, for example. Then they may offer to repair their system for a small fee. Hacktivists Some hacker activists are motivated by politics or religion, while others may wish to expose wrongdoing, or exact revenge, or simply harass their target for their own entertainment. State Sponsored Hackers Governments around the globe realize that it serves their military objectives to be well positioned online. The saying used to be, â€Å"He who controls the seas controls the world,† and then it was, â€Å"He who controls the air controls the world. † Now it’s all about controlling cyberspace. State sponsored hackers have limitless time and funding to target civilians, corporations, and governments. Spy Hackers Corporations hire hackers to infiltrate the competition and steal trade secrets. They may hack in from the outside or gain employment in order to act as a mole. Spy hackers may use similar tactics as hacktivists, but their only agenda is to serve their client’s goals and get paid. Cyber Terrorists These hackers, generally motivated by religious or political beliefs, attempt to create fear and chaos by disrupting critical infrastructures. Cyber terrorists are by far the most dangerous, with a wide range of skills and goals. Cyber Terrorists ultimate motivation is to spread fear, terror and commit murder. VARIOUS ATTACKS USED BY A HACKER PHISHING Phishing  is a way of attempting to acquire information such as usernames,passwords, and credit card details by masquerading as a trustworthy entity in anelectronic communication. Communications purporting to be from popular social web sites, auction sites, online payment processors or IT administrators are commonly used to lure the unsuspecting public. Phishing is typically carried out by  e-mailspoofing  or  instant messaging,  and it often directs users to enter details at a fake website whose  look and feel  are almost identical to the legitimate one. Phishing is an example of  social engineering  techniques used to deceive users,  and exploits the poor usability of current web security technologies. Attempts to deal with the growing number of reported phishing incidents include  legislation, user training, public awareness, and technical security measures. A phishing technique was described in detail in 1987, and the first recorded use of the term phishing was made in 1996. The term is a variant of  fishing,  probably influenced by  phreaking,  and alludes to baits used in hopes that the potential victim will bite by clicking a malicious link or opening a malicious attachment, in which case their financial information and passwords may then be stolen. KEY LOGGING These are  software  programs designed to work on the target computer’s  operating system. From a technical perspective there are five categories: * Hypervisor-based: The keylogger can theoretically reside in a  malware  hypervisor  running underneath the operating system, which remains untouched. It effectively becomes a  virtual machine. Blue Pill  is a conceptual example. * Kernel-based: This method is difficult both to write and to combat. Such keyloggers reside at the  kernel level  and are thus difficult to detect, especially for user-mode applications. They are frequently implemented as  rootkits  that subvert the operating system kernel and gain unauthorized access to the hardware, making them very powerful. A keylogger using this method can act as a keyboard  device driver  for example, and thus gain access to any information typed on the keyboard as it goes to the operating system. API-based: These keyloggers  hook  keyboard  APIs; the operating system then notifies the keylogger each time a key is pressed and the keylogger simply records it. Windows APIs on such as  GetAsyncKeyState(),  GetForegroundWindow(), etc. are used to poll the state of the keyboard or to subscribe to keyboard events. [1]  These types of keyloggers are the easiest to write, but where constant polling of each key is required, they can cause a noticeable increase in  CPU  usage, and can also miss the occasional key. A more recent example simply polls the  BIOS  for pre-boot authentication  PINs  that have not been cleared from memory. * Form grabbing based:  Form grabbing-based keyloggers log  web form  submissions by recording the web browsing onsubmit event functions. This records form data before it is passed over the Internet and bypasses  HTTPS  encryption. * Packet analyzers: This involves capturing network traffic associated with  HTTP POST  events to retrieve unencrypted passwords. Remote access  software  keyloggers These are local software keyloggers with an added feature that allows access to the locally recorded data from a remote location. Remote communication may be achieved using one of these methods: * Data is uploaded to a website, database or an  FTP  server. * Data is periodically emailed to a pre-defined  email address. * Data is  wirelessly  transmitted by means of an attached hardware system. * The software enables a remote login to the local machine from the Internet or the local network, for data logs stored on the target machine to be accessed. Related features Software Keyloggers may be augmented with features that capture user information without relying on keyboard key presses as the sole input. Some of these features include: * Clipboard logging. Anything that has been copied to the  clipboard  can be captured by the program. * Screen logging. Screenshots  are taken in order to capture graphics-based information. Applications with screen logging abilities may take screenshots of the whole screen, just one application or even just around the mouse cursor. They may take these screenshots periodically or in response to user behaviours (for example, when a user has clicked the mouse). A practical application used by some keyloggers with this screen logging ability is to take small screenshots around where a mouse has just clicked; these defeat web-based keyboards (for example, the web-based screen keyboards that are often used by banks) and any web-based on-screen keyboard without screenshot protection. * Programmatically capturing the text in a  control. The  Microsoft Windows  API  allows programs to request the text value in some controls. This means that some passwords may be captured, even if they are hidden behind password masks (usually asterisks). * The recording of every program/folder/window opened including a screenshot of each and every website visited, also including a screenshot of each. REMOTE ADMINSTRATIVE TOOL(RAT) A  remote administration tool  (a  RAT) is a piece of software that allows a remote operator to control a system as if he has physical access to that system. While  desktop sharing  and  remote administration  have many legal uses, RAT software is usually associated with criminal or malicious activity. Malicious RAT software is typically installed without the victims knowledge, often as payload of a  Trojan horse, and will try to hide its operation from the victim and from  security software. The operator controls the RAT through a network connection. Such tools provide an operator the following capabilities: * Screen/camera capture or image control * File management (download/upload/execute/etc. ) * Shell control (from command prompt) * Computer control (power off/on/log off if remote feature is supported) * Registry management (query/add/delete/modify) Other software product-specific functions Its primary function is for one computer operator to gain access to remote PCs. One computer will run the client software application, while the other computer(s) operate as the host(s). CLICK-JACKING Clickjacking is possible because seemingly harmless features of HTML web pages can be employed to perform unexpected actions. A clickjacked page tricks a user into performing undesired act ions by clicking on a concealed link. On a clickjacked page, the attackers load another page over it in a transparent layer. The users think that they are clicking visible buttons, while they are actually performing actions on the hidden page. The hidden page may be an authentic page, therefore the attackers can trick users into performing actions which the users never intended. There is no way of tracing such actions to the attackers later, as the users would have been genuinely authenticated on the hidden page. Clickjacking is possible because seemingly harmless features of HTML web pages can be employed to perform unexpected actions. A clickjacked page tricks a user into performing undesired actions by clicking on a concealed link. On a clickjacked page, the attackers load another page over it in a transparent layer. The users think that they are clicking visible buttons, while they are actually performing actions on the hidden page. The hidden page may be an authentic page, therefore the attackers can trick users into performing actions which the users never intended. There is no way of tracing such actions to the attackers later, as the users would have been genuinely authenticated on the hidden page. Examples A user might receive an email with a link to a video about a news item, but another valid page, say a product page on amazon. com, can be hidden on top or underneath the PLAY button of the news video. The user tries to play the video but actually buys the product from Amazon. Other known exploits include: * tricking users into enabling their webcam and microphone through Flash (which has since been corrected by Adobe); * tricking users into making their social networking profile information public; * making users follow someone on Twitter; share links on Facebook SPAMS Email spam, also known as  junk email  or  unsolicited bulk email  (UBE), is a subset of  electronic spam  involving nearly identical messages sent to numerous recipients by  email. Definitions of spam usually include the aspects that email is unsolicited and sent in bulk. One subset of UBE is  UCE  (unsolicited commercial email). The opposite of spam, email which one wants, is called ham, us ually when referring to a messages automated analysis (such as Bayesian filtering). Email spam has steadily grown since the early 1990s. Botnets, networks of  virus-infected computers, are used to send about 80% of spam. Since the expense of the spam is borne mostly by the recipient,  it is effectively  postage due  advertising. The legal status of spam varies from one jurisdiction to another. In the United States, spam was declared to be legal by the  CAN-SPAM Act of 2003  provided the message adheres to certain specifications. ISPs  have attempted to recover the cost of spam through lawsuits against spammers, although they have been mostly unsuccessful in collecting damages despite winning in court. Spammers collect email addresses from chatrooms, websites, customer lists, newsgroups, and viruses which harvest users address books, and are sold to other spammers. They also use a practice known as email appending or epending in which they use known information about their target (such as a postal address) to search for the targets email address. According to the Message Anti-Abuse Working Group, the amount of spam email was between 88–92% of email messages sent in the first half of 2010. PREVENTIVE MEASURES TO OVERCOME THE ATTACKS OF HACKERS KEYLOGGERS SCAN THE FILE WITH â€Å"DR. WEB LINK CHECKER†BEFORE DOWNLOADING. SCAN THE FILE WITH ONLINE MULTIPLE ANTI-VIRUS ENGINE IE. , www . novirusthanks org USE ANTI KEYLOGGERS LIKE ZEMANA,KEYSCRAMBERS ETC.. RATS STRICTLY FOLLOW THE INSTRUCTIONS OF THE ANTI-VIRUS.. ALWAYS USE AN UPDATED ANTI-VIRUS. DONT DOWNLOAD ANY FILE FROM AN ANONYMOUS WEBSITE. PHISHING ALWAYS TYPE THE COMPLETE URL OF THE INTENDED WEBPAGE FOR LOGIN. USE ANTI-VIRUS WHICH HAS WEB BROWSER INTERGRATION FACILITY TO COMBAT PHISHING LIKE KASPERSKY ETC.. NEVER LOGIN IN ANY LINK WITHOUT VERIFING ITS AUTHENTICATION. SPAM Some Facebook users were fooled into ‘verifying’ their account. Many Facebook walls were flooded with ‘verify  your/my account’ spam messages/wall posts. My advice to all Facebook users. To get rid of FB spams, do not click  the link. As simple as that. Clicking the link will just cause you to become one of the spam victims. It will automatically post the same spam messages on different Facebook walls. CONCLUSION * Data Security is the means of ensuring that data is kept safe from corruption and that access to it is suitably controlled. * . The Internet is a scary place. Criminals have the ability to hide behind their computers, or even other people’s computers ,they attempt to break into computer to steal personal information or to use it for their own purposes. * So to protect your Data with a firewall so that you are not an easy target to hackers and viruses in the future * When you leave your house, you lock your doors to prevent robbery, why not use a firewall to put a lock on your computer. AUTHORS: G. VAMSHI KRISHNA A. K. A h4x0r le610n, Computer Science amp; Engineering, 4nd year B. Tech, WARANGAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY amp; SCIENCE.

French education system essays

French education system essays D'abord, les tudes, en France, sont srieux ! Aux Etats-Unis on peut terminer le lyce sans passer un examen (mais à §a va changer tout de suite avec les nouvelle loi de Grey Davis notre `gouverner d'Etat de Califorie). En France les lycens doivent passer le bac, c'est dire, le baccalaurate. C'est un examen trs important qui marque la fin des tudes secondaires et qui determine, en grande partie, l'avenir des lycens. S'ils sont reà §us, ils peuvent aller l'universit et continuer leurs tudes. S'ils ratent le bac, ils peuvent redoubler et se reprsenter l'anne suivante, ou bien ils peuvent faire des tudes techniques, ou entrer dans la vie professionelle, ou, pour les garà §ons, faire leur service militaire. Il y a plusiers types de bac. Ils sont dsigns par des lettres. Dans chaque srie, l'lve doit choisir une spcialit. Il y trois sries principales avec leurs spcialits. Il y le Srie littraire, le Bac L avec langues vivantes, lettres classiques, art et mathmatiques. Le Srie conomique et sociale, Bac ES avec les spcialits de sciences conomiques et sociale, mathmatiques, et langues vivantes. Et finalment, il y a le Srie scientifique, le bac S avec mathmatiques, physique chimie, sciences de la vie et de la terre, et technologie industrielle. Ces spcialits sont important parce qu'elles dterminent le genre d'tudes universitaires qu'on peut faire, et, par consquent, sa profession future. Par exemple, si on veut à ªtre mdecin ou pharmacien, il est conseill de faire un bac S. spcialit sciences de la vie et de la terre. Si on pense faire des tudes de droit, et devenir avocat, il est pr ...

The Confession and Crime Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

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Hometown Deli Competitive Analysis Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

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The Influence of Social Thinking Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

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